The brain's neurons are the brain cells in charge of quick information transfer. Even though they are similar to other cells in the body, neurons are specialised in ways that make them distinct from other cells and give them the abilities necessary to fulfil their special function in the nervous system. One such distinctive quality is the shape of the neuron. Neurons have a cell body, or soma, similar to other cells, as well as dendrites and axons, which are thin, specialised branches. Dendrites allow neurons to receive chemical input from other neurons, and axons allow neurons to transmit information to other cells. Additionally "excitable" cells are neurons. Ion channel proteins are widely distributed in the surface membrane of neurons, allowing small charged atoms to pass from one side of the membrane to the other. When the voltage across the cell membrane changes, some of these channels are opened. The fastest method of intracellular electrical signal conduction in biology is the "action potential," which is produced by one subtype of these "voltage-gated" channels. Since individual neurons typically have outer cell membranes that completely isolate them from one another, they are unable to directly exchange chemical or electrical signals. The so-called electrical synapse is an exception to this rule, where ion-conducting pores made of connexin proteins link the intracellular compartments of adjacent neurons and permit direct ion flow from cell to cell. We won't go into further detail about this type of interneuronal communication because it occurs much less frequently in the mammalian CNS than chemical transmission. The emphasis will instead be on chemical interneuronal communication, in which a neurotransmitter is released from one neuron and changes the activity of the receiving neuron. The majority of the time, a specialised structure called a synapse is where this chemical communication takes place. Presynaptic neuron refers to the neuron that releases the chemical. The axon terminal, a specialised structure at the end of the presynaptic neuron's axon, houses tiny vesicles that are filled with neurotransmitter molecules. The vesicle is stimulated to fuse with the cell membrane and release the neurotransmitter into the tiny synaptic gap between cells when an action potential reaches the axon terminal and causes a rise in calcium concentration.
Postsynaptic neuron refers to the neuron that is affected by the chemical. The proteins known as neurotransmitter receptors are found on the surface membrane of the postsynaptic neuron, where the neurotransmitter molecules released from the presynaptic vesicles interact with them.
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